A report from the Institute of Medicine's Committee on Clinical Research Involving Children. Richard Behrman, chair of the IOM committee, will present the findings of this IOM report.

The Participation and Protection of Children in Clinical Research
Richard E. Behrman, Federation of Pediatric Organizations, Inc., Palo Alto, CA

In July of 2003, the FDA approved the use of growth hormone for the long-term treatment of children with idiopathic short stature, also called non-growth hormone deficient short stature. This new indication restricts therapy to children who are at least 2.25 SD below the mean for age and sex, or the shortest 1.2% of children. This corresponds to adult heights of less than 5' 3" in men and 4' 11" in women. Data demonstrating the efficacy and safety of GH therapy for children with idiopathic short stature will be reviewed. Although "idiopathic" short stature has often been held synonymous with "normal" short stature, cases in which the underlying molecular defect(s) have recently been elucidated will be presented. With the new FDA ruling on GH, the challenges of deciding when and how to prescribe GH have become even greater. This symposium will address the potential impact of this ruling at a societal and individual level. We will discuss the dilemmas physicians face in using growth hormone and how the ethics of growth hormone therapy apply to our general practice of medicine.

Long at Last: 13 Years of Data on GH Treatment in Idiopathic Short Stature
Charmian Quigley, Eli Lilly & Company, Indianapolis, IN

Is There a Biological Rationale for Treatment of Idiopathic Short Stature?
Ron G. Rosenfeld, Lucile Packard Foundation For Children's Health, Palo Alto, CA

Everyday Ethical Dilemmas of Treating Short Stature: The Bread, Butter and Bane of Pediatric Endocrinology
David B. Allen, University of Wisconsin Hospital, Madison, WI

Ethical and Policy Issues in Access to HGH
Norman C. Fost, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, WI

Discussion

Vaccines have an important function in preventing birth defects. The most obvious one is rubella vaccine and its application for the purpose of preventing congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) will be discussed. In addition, prospects of the development of other relevant vaccines will be presented. These will include: cytomegalovirus, parvovirus, herpes simplex and malaria. The first three, because they affect the fetus directly; the last, because of its adverse effect on pregnancy that results in small-for-gestational-age newborns.

Elimination of Rubella from the Americas by the Year 2010
Mirta Roses Periago, Director of PAHO, Panamerican Health Organization (PAHO), Washington, DC

Prevention of CRS by Universal Application of the Rubella Vaccine
Susan E. Reef, Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Atlanta, GA

Prospects for a Vaccine Against Cytomegalovirus
Stanley A. Plotkin, Aventis Pasteur and the University of Pennsylvania, Doylestown, PA

Prospects for a Vaccine Against Herpes Simplex
Richard J. Whitley, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Children's Hospital, Birmingham, AL

Prospects for a Vaccine Against Parvovirus B-19
Neal S. Young, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD

Prospects for a Vaccine Against Malaria
N. Regina Rabinovich, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA

Discussion

Genetic studies in humans have expanded our understanding of pediatric sudden death. This session will explore the genetic mechanism, pathophysiology and potential treatments of three genetic causes of sudden death in children.

Introduction
James Bristow, University of California, San Francisco, CA

Fatty Acid Oxidation Disorders and Sudden Death
Arnold W. Strauss, Vanderbilt Children's Hospital, Nashville, TN

Cardiac Channelopathies and Pediatric Sudden Death
Jeffrey A. Towbin, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
 

The aim of this workshop is to enable individuals and groups to understand options and make effective choices in launching or enhancing careers and programs in child health services research. Topics include:

1. Finding new opportunities in child health services research;
2. Assessing infrastructure and capacity for health services research;
3. Mentorship in child health services research;
4. Designing research partnerships with health plans;
5. Getting started in child health services research: a division chief's perspective;
6. Top 10 tips for new investigators in child health services research.

Format includes ample time for interaction and group discussion. Presenters represent both new and established investigators and programs at three hospitals and four universities.
 

This workshop will focus on available simulation technology and its application to pediatrics. The incorporation of a pediatric human patient simulator (METI), with the ability to respond in real-time fashion to student interventions, will be the basis of the workshop. Minilectures and demonstrations will clarify educational theory and the required elements for simulation program development. Small and large group activities will concentrate on practical aspects of simulation use including resource allocation, financing, scenario development, competency-based evaluation and incorporation of simulation technology in a pediatric educational program. Videos (DVDs) will be used to demonstrate the use of a patient simulator as well as generate discussion of its utility and application to pediatrics.

The participant will:

1. Be able to describe various types of medical simulation.
2. Be able to describe the capabilities of the pediatric human patient simulator, a computerized life size simulated pediatric patient. The simulator can reproduce normal and abnormal breath sounds, heart sounds, pulses, papillary responses and cardiac rhythms. In addition it responds in real time to student interventions such as medication or fluid administration and physiologic states such as hypoxia, hypercarbia and shock. The student can also perform endotracheal intubation (with and without a difficult airway), defibrillation and cardioversion.
3. Understand the educational theory behind simulation technology—why it works.
4. Understand the elements required to develop and sustain a successful simulation program including issues of personnel, utilization and financing.
5. Be able to summarize methods in which simulation technology can be incorporated into medical education including incorporation into existing classes, development of effective teaching scenarios and the use of simulation in competency-based evaluations.
6. Discuss methods of evaluation of the effectiveness of simulation technology in the medical educational setting.

Participants will be encouraged to adapt this information to their own environment.
 

Motivating patients to change unhealthy behaviors is a daily challenge for physicians. Working to change behaviors such as overeating, lack of exercise and substance use is difficult.

This workshop focuses on providing knowledge and skills in assessing readiness and motivating patients to change behaviors. An overview of the literature on motivational interviewing and stages of change will provide the framework for discussion and skill development. Participants will observe, review and discuss videotapes of interviews and counseling sessions for patients in various stage of change. Discussion will identify methods to motivate and facilitate change.

To further refine skills, participants will role play interviewing and counseling in groups. Provisions will be made for discussion after role playing. Resource sharing and networking will be incorporated into the workshop.
 

Faculty often find it difficult to provide feedback about unprofessional behaviors to learners. Finding the right words and being able to explicitly identify the problem exacerbate the discomfort of providing criticism.

This workshop will focus on three components of addressing professionalism:

1. Defining the elements of professionalism,
2. Operationalizing these elements and
3. Crafting feedback to learners that is explicit.

After a brief presentation of the elements of professionalism, small groups will discuss examples of unprofessional behavior, identify the specific problem and then create feedback using explicit language to highlight what breach has occurred and how to resolve it. The results will be discussed with the entire group, and additional strategies identified.
 

Patient safety is a growing national initiative, particularly for children. Several studies have shown that hospitalized children experience rates of medical errors equal to or more frequently than adults and tackling safety in ambulatory settings is a relatively new but growing priority area. Many institutions, organizations and practices have started tackling patient safety as Job One in the context of routine daily practice. Overarching this the AAP and ABP have joined forces to place safety and quality on the forefront for practicing pediatricians and for board certification. This workshop will have several brief presentations from two institutions adopting wide-scale safety initiatives encompassing inpatient and outpatient settings and two representatives from the AAP and ABP to discuss joint efforts to promote quality and safety. Workshop participants will gain knowledge, attitudes and skills to help them bring patient safety and quality to real-time implementation in their daily practice. The workshop will include one hour of presentations from the workshop leaders and then rotating 30-minute roundtables with individual leaders for workshop participants to share:

1. Pediatric patient safety concerns and strategize on wide-scale systems solutions, and
2. Ideas and inputs on joint efforts of AAP and ABP on quality and safety.
    

Being an effective leader requires tremendous self-awareness. This workshop will challenge you to move in this direction, to think seriously about what motivates you, what you value and your vision for your future. Your "take away" will be a personal strategic plan, created through hard work that will "pay" tremendous benefits. In this session you will:

1. Create or refine a personal mission statement,
2. Compare and contrast your values and mission with those of your organization,
3. Assess your current activities in light of your mission and values,
4. Discuss strategies for dealing with the differences you discover (if any) and
5. Develop a personal strategic plan.

Come prepared to be engaged in the discussions, being honest with yourself and others. In addition, bring along the mission statement of your organization for comparison and discussion. If this is not available, take a few minutes beforehand to write down what you believe the mission of your organization is so you can compare it with your own mission statement.

All academic pediatricians are involved in writing scientific papers. This workshop will explore how to become more involved in both scientific and creative writing. Pediatricians who have become more involved in writing and/or editing will share their experiences. Panelists will discuss how to get your foot into the door, practical aspects of learning the trade, writing creatively, writing more effectively scientifically, editing and publishing. This is a 'how-to' workshop in order to help the pediatrician who has never focused on this type of work see whether it could be a new career or hobby.

This workshop is intended to help pediatric fellows and young junior faculty with challenges they face at each stage of their training, including: how to identify worthwhile research projects, how to apportion time between research and course work, how to choose and work with a mentor, how to complete projects during one's fellowship, when and how to write grants, how to get and negotiate a job, how to balance career and family and how to transition to life as a junior faculty member. This workshop will be of particular interest to current pediatric fellows of any year, but it will also provide useful insights for those who recently completed or are considering a fellowship. The facilitators will include faculty at all stages of their career and will include both clinician-scientists and clinician-educators. There will be ample time for open discussion and question and answer.
 

Genetics and molecular medicine have revolutionized medicine in the past decade. Rapid advances have posed a challenge for faculty who are charged with teaching and role modeling how to incorporate molecular medicine into everyday practice.

This workshop will engage participants to develop a framework that they can use at their home institutions to both train faculty and model for students and residents, how to incorporate these principles for all patients. We will then share a framework, conceived at a national conference of experts in genetics and medical education and adapted from the model used at Montefiore by Bob Marion, and have participants develop a process for incorporating this into their home settings.
 

Since 1993, the Family Advocacy Program at Boston Medical Center has provided legal assistance to low-income patient-families whose children's health is compromised by lack of access to basic needs such as housing, public benefits, family stability/safety, education services and health insurance. FAP also trains clinical staff and residents. We have helped start up dozens of medical–legal collaborations nationally in the past several years. The goal of this workshop is to teach participants how to initiate and/or support a similar effort in their own clinical setting. Participants will learn basic legal advocacy through tools and curriculum developed by FAP and participate in facilitated small group discussion on concrete strategies for implementing a collaboration, including: identifying stakeholders, navigating confidentiality and ethics, demystifying legal services for the health care provider, linking individual advocacy to systemic change and incorporating training for providers and residents. The workshop will utilize case examples and advocacy action plans to bring to life the integration of advocacy in the clinical setting.
 

Little time has been devoted to identifying and improving the teachings skills of physicians who are not good teachers, the "problem teachers." This workshop will define a problem teacher from different viewpoints within the academic health center, explore methods of identifying exemplary or poor teachers and review resources and strategies available to improve teaching quality. The workshop is designed to be interactive. Trigger tapes will be used to initiate discussion, provide examples and test developed tools. Participants will break into small groups to develop and assess evaluation tools and devise remediation strategies. By the conclusion of the workshop, the participant should be able to design appropriate faculty evaluation tools, identify teaching deficiencies, provide effective feedback to faculty members and design systems to improve faculty performance.
 

This workshop will focus on the successes and pitfalls associated with implementation of telemedicine to provide healthcare to rural, underserved populations. An introductory didactic presentation will describe the basics of telemedicine, including a brief technical description of the evolution of telemedicine techniques. Four examples of current clinical programs will be presented: an outpatient model assisting in the care of children with special healthcare needs, a pediatric ICU to rural adult ICU model to help in the care of moderately sick children, a pediatric ED to rural adult ED model to help in the care of acutely ill and injured children and a pediatric physical assault and sexual abuse model to assist rural counties in the assessment and evidentiary exams of acutely abused children. Discussion on these telemedicine programs' effect on quality of care, financial viability, sustainability and benefits to rural communities will be discussed.
 

The Community-Based Physicians SIG was designed to be a forum for all APA members in community settings involved with either/or teaching or office-based research. This set of individuals has unique interests and problems which are shared annually at the PAS meeting. We also share resources with our sister SIG in the AAP, the Resident Education and Training group (RET SIG) within the Department of Community Pediatrics.

Current activities of this SIG include:

1. The presentation of an annual award entitled the National Pediatric Community Teaching Award. Previous winners have been Larry Nazarian of Rochester, NY and Dave Bromberg of Frederick, MD.
2. The publication of a biannual newsletter "Pediatric Community-Based Teaching Newsletter". The Fall 2003 issue is dedicated to a discussion of resident work hour rules, vis a vis teaching.
3. Varied workshops are presented at the PAS meetings including such topics as Medicaid Reimbursement for Teaching, Barriers to Community-Based Teaching and Models for Community-Based Teaching such as the WWAMI Program of the University of Washington
4. Supporting the efforts of the AAP RET SIG in its development of two projects: (1) The Tool Kit—a manual for those community pediatricians interested in teaching residents and medical students; and (2) A Compendium—an all inclusive document to provide community teachers with access to materials to help them improve their teaching and evaluation skills with links to APA Faculty Development material and other web-based documents.
    

The Emergency Medicine SIG meeting will have two topics for discussion, one clinical and one administrative. The clinical topic is the cons and pros of intentional and unintentional injury prevention in the pediatric emergency department: "Not my job…or is it?" Denise Dowd, Dennis Durban, Joseph Wright and Michael Gittelman will lead the discussion.

The administrative topic will feature a discussion by Jane Knapp and Steve Ludwig on the proposed recertification process by the ABP. This topic was presented at the PEM leadership conference, and this is an opportunity for those who were unable to attend the conference to discuss their views. We are looking forward to another successful meeting and an interesting debate on both topics. Abstract posters will be available for viewing during our recess between the two topics.
 

Each year, the International Health SIG tries to provide a program that appeals to both members and non-members interested in international child health. This year, we will first hear a presentation from the 2004 APA International Health Award winner discussing the health needs of children in the investigator’s home country. This will be followed by a panel discussion addressing the theme: "Getting Involved in International Child Health—Advocacy, Research, Teaching and Clinical Care." A panel of experts from these four areas will facilitate a discussion addressing opportunities for involvement in international health from the level of trainee to the level of faculty member. We will also hold an informal meeting for SIG members and anyone interested in becoming involved with SIG activities.
 

Negotiation remains a challenge not only for women in academia, but for many junior faculty. Salary and clinical work load are just two of the issues that require bargaining strategies. The Women in Medicine SIG will review the principles of BATNA—best alternative to a negotiated agreement. In addition, a practicing attorney will provide advice on estate planning and contract negotiations, focusing on the unique challenges women face.
 

Diabetes mellitus (DM) affects about 17 million people in the United States and is the sixth leading cause of death. Type 1 DM, formerly known as juvenile onset or insulin-dependent diabetes, typically presents in the pediatric age group. The incidence/prevalence of type 2 DM, a disease once seen only in adults, has been rising steadily in children. Type 2 DM is strongly associated with obesity, inactivity, family history of diabetes, history of gestational diabetes and racial or ethnic background. Nephropathy is a serious complication of DM and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. This symposium will focus on the epidemiology, pathophysiology and emerging therapies for this serious disease.

The Epidemic of Obesity in North American Children
Thomas N. Robinson, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA

Insulin vs. Glucose in Diabetic Nephropathy
Roland Blantz, University of California at San Diego and VASDHCS, San Diego, CA

Anticipating and Preventing Cardiovascular Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
Rulan Parekh, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD

Potential Therapies for Diabetic Nephropathy
Tom Hostetter, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
 

10:15am
Presidential Address
Gail J. Demmler, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX

10:40am
SPR Award Presentations:
-SPR Distinguished Service Award
-SPR Student Research Award
-SPR House Officer Award
-SPR Fellow's Basic Research Award
-SPR Fellow's Clinical Research Award
-David G. Nathan Award in Hematology/Oncology

10:55am
Young Investigator Award
Maureen Andrew Mentor Award
E. Mead Johnson Award
Douglas K. Richardson
 

Available for Viewing: 11:00am–6:45pm
Author Attendance: 5:15pm–6:45pm
 

Possible Protective Role of ABC Transporters in Bilirubin Encephalopathy
J. Donald Ostrow, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA

Implications of the New AAP Guidelines for the Management of Near-Term and Term Neonates with Hyperbilirubinemia
M. Jeffrey Maisels, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI

Contact for information:
David K. Stevenson, M.D.
Stanford University School of Medicine
Phone: (650)723-5711
EMail: dstevenson@stanford.edu

• Region Chairs
• SIG Chairs
• Fellows
   

Ethical Considerations in Research with Socially Identifiable Populations
James N. Jarvis, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK

Contact for information:
Susan Albersheim, M.D.
British Columbia’s Children’s Hospital
Phone: (604) 875-2135
Email: salbersheim@cw.bc.ca
 

Management of children on dialysis accounts for a significant portion of pediatric nephrology practice. This workshop is designed to provide an update for the practicing pediatric nephrologist in a number of areas pertinent to this therapy. Bruce Morgenstern will speak about measures to determine dialysis adequacy. Deepa Chand will give a talk on the difficult issue of vascular access in children. Bradley Warady will speak on new advances in the management of anemia and growth failure in children with renal disease. Finally, Timothy Bunchman will provide practical information on continuous venovenous replacement therapies.

Adequacy in Dialysis
Bruce Z. Morgenstern, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN

Vascular Access
Deepa H. Chand, The Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH

Treatment of Anemia/Growth
Bradley A. Warady, The Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO

Practical Considerations in CRRT
Timothy E. Bunchman, DeVos Children's Hospital, Grand Rapids, MI
 

Includes selected original science abstract presentations as well as the Presidential Address, the International Health Award and the George Armstrong Lecture presentations.

Geroge Armstrong Lecture
James Perrin
 

Worldwide, more than 1,500 children per day become infected with HIV through mother-to-child transmission. Currently there are 2.7 million children living with HIV infection across the globe, >90% of whom reside in developing countries. While there have been enormous successes in the prevention and treatment of pediatric AIDS in the United States and Europe, it remains an open question as to how effectively these public health gains can be replicated in the poor countries of the world, which bear the greatest burden of disease. Efforts to develop an HIV vaccine appropriate for preventing infection among the world's children and adolescents are finally under way on a global scale. We will discuss these issues and accompanying controversies as they apply to the children of the developing world.

AIDS in Children—A Global Public Health Crisis
David L. Pugatch, Hasbro Children's Hospital and Brown Medical School, Providence, RI

Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV in Developing Countries—Successes, Failures and Challenges
Catherine M. Wilfert, Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Santa Monica, CA and Washington, DC

HIV Treatment for Children—Can the Successes of Rich Countries Be Duplicated in Resource-Poor Settings?
Mark W. Kline, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX

Finding an AIDS Vaccine That Works for the World's Children
Richard A. Koup, Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD

Despite continuing advances in neonatal care, bronchopulmonary dysplasia remains a vexing problem for neonatologists, other pediatric subspecialists, and general pediatricians. As our understanding of BPD improves, our expectation is that new targets for combating this condition will emerge. Today’s session is designed to explore new findings of biological importance relevant to the pathogenesis of BPD and to stimulate discussion about possible hypotheses for its treatment.

Introduction
Steven R. Seidner, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX

Sublethal Oxygen Exposure and Mechanisms of Lung injury
A. Keith Tanswell, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada

Neuropeptides, Immunity and BPD
Mary Sunday, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA

TGF-ß and the Regulation of Lung Remodeling
David Warburton, Children's Hospital, Los Angeles Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA

Questions & Comments
 

This session presents the field of developmental cognitive neuroscience from a clinical perspective. Typical and atypical language development in children serves as the focus of this session. The impact of recently available magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques such as volumetric MRI and functional MRI (fMRI) will be illustrated. An overview of volumetric MRI and fMRI methods will be presented with developmental and clinically relevant examples. fMRI in typically developing children as compared to adults for a single word processing task will be presented and the possibility that differences represent maturational changes in functional neuroanatomy will be discussed. The application of volumetric imaging and fMRI to the study of a clinically relevant group of children at risk for cognitive deficits, i.e., children born as premature infants, will show how fMRI for non-invasive but quantitative assessment of language processing can be utilized. Finally, results from fMRI study of children with developmental dyslexia will be presented that show disruption in posterior brain neural circuits for reading.

Introduction: Overview of Volumetric and Functional MRI Techniques
Michael Rivkin, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA

Differences in fMRI Activation Between Adults and Children in Single Word Processing
Brad Schlaggar, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO

Use of fMRI and Volumetric Imaging To Study Language Processing and Its Cognitive Correlates in Children Born as Premature Infants
Laura R. Ment, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT

New Insights into the Functional Neuroanatomy of Developmental Dyslexia
Bennett A. Shaywitz, Yale University Medical Center, New Haven, CT
 

Although antihypertensive medications have been used in children for decades, until recently no antihypertensive medications had labeling for children less than 12 years of age. In response to the general absence of labeling information for children, the 1997 Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act was passed, which offered 6-month extension of market exclusivity in return for approved clinical trials of medications with pediatric indication. As the prevalence of hypertension in children has increased, the need for labeling information for antihypertensive medications in children has become more pressing. For these reasons, the FDA specifically targeted antihypertensive medications, and in response numerous clinical trials for these medications have been performed in children over the past 5 years. As a result of these trials, new information has come to light about the current epidemiology of pediatric hypertension, the impact of new guidelines for adult hypertension management for children and the ethics of pediatric hypertension clinical trials. This symposium will address these issues, as well as summarize the FDA perspective of the results of the FDAMA legislation to date.

Scope of the Problem of Juvenile Hypertension: Changing Epidemiology and Measurement Technology
Jonathan M. Sorof, UT-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX

FDA Perspective on FDAMA: Successes, Failures and Future Directions
Rosemary Roberts, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD

Recently Published Guidelines for Adult Hypertension and Their Implications for Children
Ronald J. Portman, UT-Houston, Medical School, Houston, TX

Ethical Controversies Generated by Pediatric Antihypertensive Trials: Risks, Benefits and Protection of Children
Joseph T. Flynn, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, NY

The Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society (PIDS) has established the Stanley A. Plotkin Lecture in Vaccinology to honor Dr. Plotkin, the Society’s "Founding Father." The lecture, which will take place at the annual PIDS meeting, is sponsored by Aventis’ vaccines business, Aventis Pasteur. Dr. Plotkin was medical director at Aventis Pasteur and remains a medical and scientific advisor.

Inaugural Award Presented to:
Dr. Stanley A. Plotkin, Aventis Pasteur and the University of Pennsylvania, Doylestown, PA.

The Six Revolutions in Vaccinology
Stanley A. Plotkin, Aventis Pasteur and the University of Pennsylvania, Doylestown, PA
 

Available for Viewing: 11:00am–6:45pm
Author Attendance: 5:15pm–6:45pm

As the medical profession moves forward to realize the vision of a family-centered, continuous, comprehensive, coordinated, compassionate, and culturally competent health care system it will be important to assure developmentally appropriate care for young adults with special health care needs. This workshop will explore the epidemiology, medical psychosocial implications and barriers to implementation of the transition from pediatric care to the adult system. Tools for the transition process will be presented.

The Scope of the Problem
Cheri W. Goldman, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM

Pediatrician's Perspective on Transitioning
Stuart Goldstein, Baylor College of Medicine/Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX

Internist's Perspective on Transitioning
Richard S. Goldman, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM

Bridging the Gap—Lessons Learned
Patience H. White, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC

When and Why Infants Don't Breathe: Biologic Basis for Therapeutic Strategies
Richard J. Martin, Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH

Contact for information:
Roberta A. Ballard, M.D.
Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
Phone: (215)590-1653
Email: ballard@email.chop.edu

Supported by an educational grant from Ross Pediatrics
 

Practice Parameter: Evaluation of the Child with Global Developmental Delay. A Report from the American Academy of Neurology and the Child Neurology Society
Michael Shevell, McGill University, Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, Canada

The Rational Evaluation of the Child with Global Developmental Delay: A Genetics Perspective
John C. Carey