In 1929, a visionary band of 25 pediatric physician-scientists, spurred by their passion for science and their commitment to children, founded the Society for Pediatric Research. In the intervening 75 years, pediatric investigators have wrought a breathtaking suite of therapeutic breakthroughs—from the care of premature neonates, to effective immunoprotection from childhood disease, to novel therapeutic strategies for childhood leukemia. More recently, the completion of the Human Genome Project has identified new opportunities to delineate the impact of genetic variation on childhood disease expression.

Four leaders in Pediatric Research will celebrate the accomplishments of the past 75 years and share their perspectives about the challenges that lay before us.

Introduction
Gail J. Demmler, President, Society for Pediatric Research

The Problem of Prematurity: The Impact of Surfactant and the Challenge of Long-Term Morbidity
Samuel Hawgood, University of California Medical Center, San Francisco, CA

The Problem of Childhood Infectious Diseases: The Impact of Vaccine Development and the Challenge of Emerging Infections
Margaret K. Hostetter, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT

The Problem of Childhood Leukemia: The Impact of Combination Chemotherapy and the Challenge of Neuro-cognitive Morbidity
Alan L. Schwartz, Washington University Medical Center, St. Louis, MO

The Problem of Genetic Disease: The Impact of the Human Genome Project and the Challenge of Translation to Innovative Therapy
Edward R. B. McCabe, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA

Neonatal encephalopathy, if severe, can lead to Cerebral Palsy. Cerebral Palsy is not a diagnosis, but rather a constellation of motor signs that are non-progressive and have multiple etiologies. Unfortunately, Cerebral Palsy affects a large number of children, but its causes, especially those that might be remedial or preventable, remain obscure in the majority of cases. Since neonatal encephalopathy is thought to be one of the neonatal etiologies of cerebral palsy, this session will focus on this issue from the perspectives of an epidemiologist, neonatal neurologist and pediatric neuroradiologist who each will speak to this issue from a different perspective.

Introduction
William W. Hay, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO

Antecedents of Cerebral Palsy—Why Can't We Prevent It?
Karin Nelson, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD

Intrapartum Asphyxia Brain Damage in the Full Term Infant
Robert C. Vannucci, Penn State University, Hershey, PA

Imaging Neonatal Encephalopathy
Anthony Barkovich, University of California, San Francisco, CA

Panel Discussion
Donna M. Ferriero, University of California, San Francisco, CA
 

Patient safety has become a national focus and initiative from government to regulatory/accreditation bodies to institutions. A substantial proportion of the initial efforts are on understanding epidemiology and risk factors and developing organizational models and tools for identifying concerns and fostering safety improvements. Research to date has identified that children do experience medical errors, these events have unique risk factors and while some types of errors are comparable to adult populations, other types are unique to children. In this session we will examine several key elements in efforts to address safety now and in the future: how to tackle patient safety in real time and create cultural change, role of information technology, how to create and promote metrics to measure performance and sources of funding for ongoing work.

In specific, we will examine one institution’s successes and lessons learned from implementing a combined ‘top down’ and ‘bottom up’ system of teams to address safety. We will examine the history of information technology and hear work evaluating the use of information technology in the primary care setting. Next we will examine national efforts to create pediatric-specific measures of quality of care and how these measures are being promoted and implemented nationwide. Last we will hear an overview of research findings to date from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality’s $165 million investment in patient safety research and explore new and ongoing funding sources for this research.

The Josie King Patient Safety Program at Johns Hopkins University
Marlene R. Miller, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD

Role of IT in Patient Safety
Kevin B. Johnson, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN

PediQS and National Efforts To Promote Measurement of Children’s Healthcare
Stephen Lawless, Nemours Foundation, Wilmington, DE

AHRQ’s Patient Safety Initiative and Findings to Date
Dan Stryer, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD

Discussion

Controversial issues in the management of patients will be discussed in the context of case presentations. Specific, practical therapeutic options will be covered.
 

Controversial issues in the management of patients will be discussed in the context of case presentations. Specific, practical therapeutic options will be covered.
 

The symposium will be held on May 4, 2004 at the Moscone West Convention Center (8:00am–3:30pm). The symposium will bring together a distinguished, international group of scientists and clinicians to discuss several major childhood health problems of global significance, including:

• Micronutrient deficiency in childhood
• Perinatal aspects of maternal malaria and tuberculosis
• Genetic susceptibility to malaria and tuberculosis

The workshop will be held on May 5, 2004, at the Hilton San Francisco (8:00am – 5:00pm). It will provide an opportunity for individual scientists and clinicians interested in global childhood health issues, and representatives of participating societies, with the unique opportunity to help shape the direction of this new initiative. Plenary sessions and small group meetings will be used to plan for the future of the Programme for Global Paediatric Research. Topics will include:

• Establishing international communication between scientists
• The role of societies and paediatric research organizations in the study of global health problems
• Defining global health problems suitable for collaborative research
• Sites and topics for subsequent symposia

ACGME rules for residency hours have created new challenges in the development of residency curricula. New models for service coverage, pediatric residency education, and outcome measurements have been implemented in many residency programs. Many of these models have resulted in residents spending more time on "night coverage." Residents consequently have limited access to attending staff and traditional teaching venues.

This workshop will focus on how three residency programs are working collaboratively to develop a curriculum and a competency-based evaluation system specific for the "night owl." The workshop will include a short didactic review of an approach to overcoming the obstacles of educating and evaluating the night owl. Non-traditional venues, such as videotaped conferences and web-based cases, will be discussed. The participants will break into small groups to identify unique curricular needs and expand upon the curriculum developed by the three residency programs. Night owl curriculum will include sign-in/sign-out techniques, oral presentations on morning rounds, clinical decision-making with a skeleton crew, appropriate use of faculty consultation in clinical decision-making during the night and precepting interns and students. Participants will also have the opportunity to discuss evaluating the night owl with multiple evaluators in a 360-degree process.
 

Many of the leading causes of childhood illness and death are potentially preventable. Yet knowledge of how to encourage healthier behaviors has lagged behind knowledge of potential therapies and prevention strategies. Community intervention trials are the "gold standard" for large-scale disease prevention and health promotion.

This workshop is designed for those interested in conducting community interventions. The workshop will have three sections: The first section discusses the design of intervention trials, including theory-based strategies, selection of relevant control groups, effectiveness measures and evaluation. The second section briefly reviews implementation strategies with illustrative examples. Half of the session will be dedicated to small group sessions, in which participants and workshop leaders will discuss intervention designs relevant to participant interest, using the concepts discussed previously. Participants can expect to acquire practical skills and resources to aid in conducting community intervention research.
 

This workshop grows out of our 20 years of experience in running a clinical ethics consult service at an academic pediatric medical center. We will present audience participants with several consultations that we have evaluated at our hospital and elicit from the participants various strategies to deal with these consults. We will guide the discussion toward solutions and methods that we have found successful, while pointing out pitfalls that we have learned to avoid.

In addition, with the willing participation of the audience, we will induce several of the more important "framing issues" upon which modern clinical medical ethics stands (autonomy, informed consent, beneficence, distributive justice, etc.). We will attempt to demonstrate clinical situations in which some of these concepts appear to dominate and others where they appear to come into conflict. We will provide an intellectual framework that will allow the audience participants to feel comfortable not just "answering" consults, but teaching others why some "answers" are better than others.

We will offer specific methods for participants to create programs in clinical ethics at their own institutions, and specific suggestions for how clinical ethics programs can be evaluated, both by their creators and by other "outside" educators and administrators.
 

Medical education studies reveal that medical students and residents often report data on clinical rounds without demonstrating higher levels of understanding, such as the ability to analyze or synthesize information. Workshop attendees will learn to address these learning gaps by diagnosing different cognitive levels of Bloom's taxonomy and then use adult learning models to move trainees to higher levels of cognition. A brief active discussion of key learning concepts will be followed by group participation in evaluation of videotaped teaching interactions, followed by small group exercises to practice new skill sets. Bibliographic resource lists and access to follow-up consultations from faculty of the CNMC/GWU Master Teachers Program will be provided.
 

How can educators document their clinical observations of students and residents AND precept more efficiently? In this workshop, we will introduce participants to a scheme for standardizing your clinical observations using the mnemonic P.R.I.M.E. (Professional, Reporter, Interpreter, Manager, and Educator). P.R.I.M.E. is a valid and reliable method for organizing observations of learner performance along the lines of the new competencies. We will provide practical examples of P.R.I.M.E. that we have used over the last three academic years.

Participants will then break into small groups to develop evaluation tools utilizing the P.R.I.M.E. system in the clinical context of their home institution. In the second half of this workshop, we will also introduce participants to the 5 W's (What, Why, When, Whoops, and Warm fuzzies) of the one-minute preceptor concept through role play and videotape examples. Participants will then debrief their performances and discuss how to export these skills into their own clinical environment.
 

Giving bad news is an essential skill that all pediatricians should master. Unfortunately, it appears that most pediatricians receive little formal training in this critical area. To better prepare residents for practice, an innovative small group seminar utilizing a standardized patient (SP) case has been instituted at UCLA. The goal of this workshop will be to help participants develop the skills required to design and implement a similar seminar at their own institution. The workshop will include a demonstration of giving bad news to an SP with audience members playing the roles of the residents. A description of the process of case development and training of the SP will also be presented. Finally, barriers and challenges to implementation will be discussed.
 

With the increasing number of homeless adolescents in the United States, health care providers can expect to address numerous medical issues within this population. As a group, homeless adolescents have unique health care needs, yet they are unlikely to receive the quality of health care that appropriately meets these needs. This workshop is designed to:

1. Inform participants of the wide range of medical/psychosocial problems which face homeless teenagers today;
2. discuss the numerous barriers to receiving primary care;
3. present strategies for overcoming existing barriers;
4. provide participants with tools to advocate for homeless adolescents in their communities.
    

Estimates of children exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV) range from three to ten million annually. In 1998 the AAP issued a policy statement that identified the abuse of mothers as a child health issue. As pediatricians we have a role in recognizing and intervening in IPV. This workshop presents components of the curriculum we devised to provide pediatricians with the knowledge, attitudes and skills needed for screening for IPV in a pediatric setting. The curriculum uses a mixture of formats—interactive lecture, large group discussion and small group scenarios. We will also discuss the results of our experience with designing, implementing and evaluating an IPV screening program in a pediatric ED.
 

Medical trainees have been described as learning by a model of apprenticeship, and their best learning is done at a patient's bedside. Communities of practice facilitate such situational learning and allow trainees opportunities to integrate their experiences. Effective learning communities, however, do not thrive naturally; rather, they must be nurtured. The ability to sustain and create such communities requires skills that are different from preparing a lecture.

This workshop is aimed at the physician-educators interested in the components of situated learning and communities of practice. Participants will learn ways to enhance and maintain an effective community. After an introductory didactic session, participants will have the opportunity to explore the elements of their own existing learning communities as well as discuss ideas on how to develop a new learning community in a small group setting. Then the group as a whole will process the methods to sustain a community of practice. Participants will come away with a toolbox of strategies to tailor their own learning community.
 

Working part time (PT) is a component of both general and subspecialty pediatrics. Professional as well as personal goals can be met successfully in the context of PT work making working PT a consideration in overall career planning. While the number of pediatricians choosing this career path is increasing, unless an individual is lucky enough to have a local mentor, there is little guidance in making this career decision. There are three components in making the decision to work PT: (1) discovery, (2) strategy/implementation and (3) living with the decision. Discovery is one of the key but frequently neglected components in the decision-making process. Discovery includes both identifying the practical considerations that make PT work either desirable or necessary and the self-assessment of the suitability of one's emotional, academic and professional needs for PT work. Even in those selecting PT work, the lack of strategies for negotiation and implementation may limit one's success. Detailed attention to implementation can increase the coherence of the needs and wants of the physician with those of the workplace, increasing likely success. The objectives of the workshop are to:

1. Allow participants to assess the issues involved with working PT and evaluate the appropriateness of PT work in their life situation and
2. Enable participants to identify strategies for negotiation and paprameters of successful implementation of PT work.

The objectives will be accomplished using (1) pre-workshop survey and self-evaluation, (2) individual collaboration in small group discussion of individual self-assessments and development of strategies and (3) sharing of individual strategies in the larger group setting, resulting in each participant developing a road map for career decision making.
 

This workshop is for pediatric medical educators interested in systematically exploring the challenges to successful research in medical education. The workshop will begin with a state of the art message from medical education research expert David Irby, Vice Dean of Education at the University of California-San Francisco School of Medicine. Addressing publication issues will be Ben Siegel, Senior Editor for Medical Education of Ambulatory Pediatrics; and addressing IRB issues will be Patricia S. Lye, chair of the Educational IRB Committee at Medical College of Wisconsin. Workshop participants will review examples of successful medical education research efforts, review research design options, discuss formal vs. on-the-job research training and consider funding options. There will be time for sharing creative ideas and research interests and developing networking contacts.
 

This workshop will focus on enhancing faculty comfort with sports medicine using a hands-on review of functional anatomy related to the lower extremity. This will be followed by small group creative problem solving around three common sport injury cases. Participants will be gently reminded of anatomic considerations with visual aids and guided examination of a live model. Case discussions will emphasize development of creative teaching strategies and discussion of potential trainee evaluation techniques. Participants are encouraged to bring along any sports medicine curricular modules they are willing to share.

Participants completing this workshop should be able to:

1. Identify functional anatomic landmarks,
2. List the most common pediatric sports injuries,
3. Describe teaching strategies to improve trainee access to sports medicine curricula and
4. Develop trainee evaluation strategies.
    

Computers, PDAs and the Web are integral tools for academic physicians, teachers and students. Though available resources and their ease of use are increasing, their potential for advancing academic programs remains relatively untapped. The University of Utah's Eccles Health Sciences Library has led several projects enabling and integrating digital and multimedia resources for academic applications, including the Health Education Assets Library (HEAL) and the Utah MedHome Portal. This workshop will offer:

1. An overview of digital resources and the expertise/support required to take advantage of them;
2. Detail on new technologies for communication, collaboration and teaching;
3. A survey of PDA resources and applications for use in the clinic and classroom; and
4. Hands-on experience with some of the resources described.
    

The current plan for the Health Services Research SIG is to focus our discussions on two areas:

1. Epistemological Models for Action (Impact) Research. A brief conceptual model will be presented and opened to the group for discussion. The focus will be on how and when you can consider to have demonstrated something sufficiently that you can rely on it for future actions. This young area is critical for quality improvement and other translational research.
2. Calculating Risk Ratios from Logistic Models, A Novel Method. This discussion will present a method that represents a fundamentally new approach to the interpretation of logistic models that avoids much of the bias present when using odds ratios to describe risk ratios.

As always, the SIG will include a brief organizational meeting and the opportunity for networking among and between young researchers and senior colleagues. The meeting will be chaired by Larry Kleinman of Quality Matters, Inc, the Harvard School of Public Health and the Penn State College of Medicine. We welcome new and old members and invite suggestions for future activities of interest.
 

The Injury Control SIG provides an opportunity for section members to review current topics in the area of pediatric injury control. A few of the presentations from last year focused on research related to the use of car seats, involvement in injury prevention legislation and the Violence Intervention and Prevention Program.

In 2004, we plan to have another exciting series of presentations. There will be an emphasis on injury prevention education and training; however, we are eager to hear about other research program developments. We encourage you to attend and to contact one of the Injury Control SIG co-chairs with topics that should be discussed.
 

This year’s Inpatient Medicince/Hospitalists SIG meeting will again start with an update on issues that have developed during the year such as the PRIS network and outcomes from the Pediatric Hospitalists in Academic Settings conference. Also to be discussed will be collaborative efforts with the AAP Section on Hospital Care and the Society of Hospital Medicine. We will continue with breakout groups to further discuss education and research in the inpatient setting and then revisit the topic of making a career out of being a Hospitalist. New this year will be a poster session. We invite all who are interested in inpatient medicine to come. Please bring information about fellowships or job opportunities to share with the group.
 

The Medical Student Education SIG welcomes those who are interested in any of the numerous aspects related to medical student education. We are an eclectic, dynamic and creative group! This year we will be focusing on "preparation" of students for the upcoming Clinical Skills Assessment that will be part of Step 2 of the boards. We will examine those aspects of clinical reasoning, interpersonal skills, physical examination skills and documentation skills that students need to master to successfully complete the cases on the CSA. Discussion will focus on how to teach and evaluate these skills. We will have contributions from guests as well as our own SIG members. We hope to see you and look forward to your participation and contribution to the session.
 

The Nutrition SIG received an unrestricted educational grant from Mead Johnson Nutritionals, Inc. to complete our Teacher's Guide to Pediatric Clinical Nutrition Education. The Teacher's Guide will be presented at our SIG meeting at the 2004 PAS Annual Meeting.

The Teacher's Guide includes Pediatric Nutrition Notes, a 46-page primer written for 3rd year medical students. These Notes were developed to provide the essential language of nutrition as well as a matrix into which subsequent learning can be fit. The second part of the Teacher's Guide is a 8-section set of teaching modules developed to address nutrition issues through the life cycle—neonatal, early infancy, later infancy, toddler and pre-school, etc. Each module includes the following elements:

1. An introduction and overview
2. Practical aspects of anticipatory guidance at this stage of development
3. A similar assessment of behavior and diet
4. Assessment of nutritional status in four categories
   1. Under-nutrition—protein energy with growth failure
   2. Under-nutrition—specific nutrient deficiency
   3. Over-nutrition—obesity
   4. Over-nutrition—nutrient imbalance
5. Case Studies and discussion are provided for diseases likely to appear at specific stages of development as identified by abnormalities in the assessment of behavior, diet or nutritional status.

The modules can be used in two ways. First, teachers of residents and students can use the modules to prepare lectures or seminars. Alternatively, individual physicians can use the modules for Continuing Medical Education (CME) credits. The various modules are linked through HyperLink technology so that readers can access specific topics (e.g., acute diarrhea or failure to thrive) to develop lectures or seminars addressing specific diseases through the life cycles.

Correspondence with the editors is welcomed: Robert Karp, Rkarp@downstate.edu; Sandy Hassink, Shassink@nemours.org; Elizabeth Shepard, Shepardwe@aol.com; Steve Bachrach, Sbachrac@nemours.org.
 

The Serving the Underserved (SUS) SIG is dedicated to improving the health care of high-risk pediatric populations such as children who are economically disadvantaged, uninsured and underinsured, homeless and face barriers to accessing quality health care. SUS focuses on clinical practice, research and advocacy that further this cause. This year we plan to expand upon past work centered around teaching. The bulk of the meeting will consist of a forum on approaches to teaching pediatric residents about underserved children. We will also have further discussion, as follow-up to previous meetings, on practice-based research networks and the Dyson Foundation’s Community Pediatrics Training Initiative. Time will also be spent on long-range planning: How can SUS best meet the needs of its members?
 

Available for Viewing: 9:00am–2:00pm
Author Attendance: 12:00pm–1:30pm
 

Sequencing of the human genome has led to extraordinary acceleration in the pace of genomics research. The large sequencing capacity developed during sequencing of the human genome is now being applied to other genomes and re-sequencing of the human genome. This session will explore the remarkable utility of sequence comparison for understanding gene regulation and function as well as new understanding of the basis of common human diseases.

Introduction
James Bristow, University of California, San Francisco, CA

Multiple Genome Sequence Comparisons To Understand Gene Regulation
Eddy Rubin, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA

Human Sequence Variation and Disease Gene Identification
David R. Cox, Perlegen Sciences, Mountain View, CA

Large-Scale Resequencing of Candidate Genes in Congenital Heart Disease
Deepak Srivastava, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX

Obesity is currently one of the greatest health threats facing the health of our children and youth. Reasons for this epidemic are rooted in the changing lifestyle of Americans: one that embraces little physical activity and the consumption of large amounts of processed, high caloric foods. While problems in our societal fabric may take decades to address, pediatricians need effective ways to treat children who are already obese or are at imminent risk. Despite the significance and magnitude of this problem, most attempts at therapy have not been effective. We will discuss current dietary, pharmacologic and surgical approaches to therapy that are gaining in popularity in pediatric populations and will address what is known about the effectiveness of these approaches and the controversies associated with them. The rationale for different diets, including "popular" ones, their efficacy and safety will be discussed. Data concerning safety and efficacy of approved and experimental drug therapies in children will be presented. Finally, we will discuss when to consider bariatric surgery in children.

Novel Dietary Treatments for Obesity and Related Complications
David S. Ludwig, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA

Pharmacotherapy of Childhood Obesity
Robert H. Lustig, University of California, San Francisco, CA

Surgical Weight Loss in Pediatrics
Victor F. Garcia, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH

Discussion

Premature birth accounts for nearly 75% of the neonatal mortality and up to 50% of the long-term neurologic disability in children. In the United States, the incidence of premature birth has not decreased over the past 40 years and, in fact, despite considerable investigational, public health and clinical effort, has increased slightly in the past decades. The faculty of this session will discuss the epidemiology of premature birth and our current understanding of the etiology of premature labor. Current and future investigational, interventional and therapeutic strategies will be outlined.

Introduction
William J. Keenan, St. Louis University, St Louis, MO

Introduction
David P. Carlton, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI

Biological Influences on the Premature Labor
Robert L. Goldenberg, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL

Insights from Clinical Trials in the Management of Premature Labor
Jay Donald Iams, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH

Questions & Comments

The potential applications for using regenerated cells and tissues to treat injury and disease are unlimited. Early stem research concentrated on the hematopoietic stem cells of the bone marrow, but stem cells are now known to exist in most organs of the body. Furthermore, it may be possible to return mature, differentiated cells to a undifferentiated, stem-like state. This symposium will first provide an overview of non-hematopoietic stem cells, then focus on three rapidly-progressing areas of research – those of regenerating nervous tissue, liver and pancreas.

Neural Stem Cells: Developmental Insights May Suggest Therapeutic Options
Evan Y. Snyder,

Hepatic Stem Cells and the Potential of Liver Repopulation for Cell Therapy
Sanjeev Gupta, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY

Pancreatic Precursors and Stem Cell Therapy in Diabetes
Alberto Hayek, University of California San Diego Medical School, La Jolla, CA

Every day, nearly 5,000 children in the United States smoke their first cigarette. Approximately 60% of smokers start by the age of 13 and fully 90% before the age of 20. Publicly the tobacco companies have always maintained that they do not target youth, but internal documents reveal that they set out to aggressively advertise to kids.

This session will describe litigation as a public health strategy for fighting Big Tobacco in the United States and provide examples of the techniques used to attract children to smoking. Global trends and counter-advertising measures will be discussed.

Overview
Ruth A. Etzel, George Washington University School of Public Health and Health Services, Washington, DC

Fighting Big Tobacco in the United States: Litigation as a Public Health Strategy
Madelyn J. Chaber, Law Offices of Madelyn J. Chaber, Alameda, CA

Goliath Fleeing from David: The Global March of the Marlboro Man
Ronald M. Davis, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI

Discussion
 

Available for Viewing: 9:00am–2:00pm
Author Attendance: 12:00pm–1:30pm

• Adolescent Medicine
• Critical Care
• Emergency Medicine
• Epidemiology
• General Pediatrics and Preventive
• Medical Education
• Neonatal Neurology
• Neonatology
   

Hot Topics in General Pediatrics is a potpourri of topics of interest to all pediatricians. The topics include lead poisoning, West Nile Virus infection, sleep disorders and esophagitis. Each of these conditions has varied symptoms, signs and manifestations. For each topic there have been new findings that are in the "need to know" category for all pediatric generalists and subspecialists.

Kawasaki Disease
Jane C. Burns, University of California, San Diego, CA

West Nile Fever
Janak A. Patel, Children's Hospital, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX

Lead Poisoning - Should We Get The Lead Out?
Kevin Osterhoudt, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA

Esophagitis
Sandeep K. Gupta, Indiana University School of Medicine, James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, IN
 

Currently, there is debate regarding the optimal strategy for initial and ongoing respiratory support in preterm infants (e.g., nasal CPAP, nasal non-invasive ventilation, endotracheal mechanical ventilation) with a particular focus on reducing later bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). This session will explore the pathophysiology behind the strategies involved, how to "fine-tune" those strategies and will provide in-depth analysis of current data examining various modes of respiratory support for the premature infant.

Introduction
Rita M. Ryan, State University of New York at Buffalo, Women & Children’s Hospital of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY

Delivery Room and Early Respiratory Support of the Premature Infant: To Intubate or Not To Intubate?
Neil N. Finer, University of California, San Diego, CA

How Can We Optimize Conventional Ventilation in Preterm Neonates?
Steven M. Donn, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI

Discussion/Questions

Has High-Frequency Ventilation Fulfilled the Promise To Reduce BPD?
David Henderson-Smart, Centre for Perinatal Health Services Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia

Noninvasive Ventilation in the Neonate: Will This Decrease BPD?
Keith J. Barrington, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Canada

Discussion/Questions