This session will be the initial venue for release of the proceedings from the current NHLBI Working Group. The Working Group, appointed by the National High Blood Pressure Education Program, is presently conducting an update of the national guidelines for the evaluation and management of hypertension in children and adolescents. Presentations will include reports on the results of a re-examination of the national childhood blood pressure data and the rationale for definition of hypertension in childhood. Speakers will also address the impact of obesity on pediatric hypertension, methods to detect and evaluate target organ damage due to hypertension, blood pressure instrumentation issues and new data on treatment of hypertension in the young, including both pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatments.

Definition of Hypertension with a Re-examination of the National Data on Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents
Bonita E. Falkner, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA

Relationship Between Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Sequelae in Hypertensive Children
Elaine Urbina, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH

Pharmacologic and Non-pharmacologic Management of Childhood Hypertension
Joseph T. Flynn, Children's Hospital of Montefiore, Bronx, NY

Measuring Blood Pressure: The Truth Revealed
Bruce Z. Morgenstern, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN

This workshop will introduce a new teaching tool that can be used to improve the skill of cardiac auscultation. The Cardiac Auscultatory Recording Database (CARD) is an interactive, internet-based virtual cardiology clinic designed to improve the skill of cardiac auscultation among trainees at all levels. By providing the teaching module to health profession trainees and educators, it is envisioned that study of this clinical skill, which has traditionally been possible only during limited hours, on certain clinical rotations, in an often suboptimal learning environment, can proceed at any time, in any location, at the student's convenience and pace. Workshop participants will use infrared stethophones to allow for simultaneous auscultation. This program can be used for individual study or teaching by logging onto our CARD website at www.murmurlab.com.
 

This mini course will set the stage for several discussions of particular issues of major importance and interest. What is "preparedness" and what are the real risks of continuing terrorism in the United States? What is the current status of preparedness in the U.S. hospital and public health systems? How do children differ from adults in terms of response to weapons of mass destruction (chemical, biological and radiological)? How do these differences matter in disaster planning? Are the needs of children being incorporated in local, state and federal disaster plans? Smallpox, anthrax and other biological threats: Where do we stand? What do we do? Nuclear power plants, nuclear weapons, dirty bombs and potassium iodide: What do we know? The mental health consequences of terrorism: What have we learned since 9/11, how do we prepare children for an increasingly vulnerable world, building resiliency and sustaining a positive vision. The new pediatric agenda: What do we have to teach students, residents and pediatricians about the pediatric aspects of terrorism planning. Children and exposure to weapons of mass destruction: science and the essential research agenda.

Introduction
Paul H. Saenger, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY

Welcome and Context
Irwin Redlener, National Center for Disaster Preparedness, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY

Pediatric Preparedness for Terrorism and Disasters
David S. Markenson, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY

Biological Weapons of Terror: What Pediatricians Need to Know
Theodore J. Cieslak, U.S. Army Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, MD

Helping Children and Families Cope with Terrorism
David J. Schonfeld, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT

Radiologic Terrorism, Children and the Question of Potassium Iodide
Thomas P. Foley, University of Pittsburgh, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA

Congenital heart defects are present in nearly 1% of all newborns and continue to be a significant cause of death in infancy. A major goal for clinicians and basic scientists has been to understand the sources of these relatively common developmental errors. With the completion of the sequencing of the human genome, molecular genetic efforts directed at finding genes for monogenetic traits have accelerated dramatically. This topic symposium is directed toward exploring the state of the art understanding of the molecular basis of certain syndromic forms of congenital heart defects as well as their implications for non-syndromic heart disease. The discussion will focus on four syndromes (Holt-Oram, heterotaxy, DiGeorge/velocardiofacial, and Noonan syndromes) for which disease genes have been discovered and insights into disease pathogenesis are available.

Overview
D. Woodrow Benson, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH

Holt-Oram Syndrome and TBX5
Craig Basson, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY

Molecular Basis of Heterotaxy Syndromes
Martina Brueckner, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT

DiGeorge/Velocardiofacial Syndromes and 22q11
Elizabeth Goldmuntz, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA

Noonan and Related Syndromes and PTPN11
Bruce D. Gelb, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY

Discussion
 

Low Systemic Blood Flow in Preterm Infants
Nick Evans, STILL OUTSTANDING; PLEASE PROVIDE.

Maintaining Cerebral Oxygen Delivery in Very Low Birth Weight Infants
Michael Weindling, Liverpool Women's Hospital, Liverpool, UK

Use of Pressors and Inotropes in the Treatment of Hypotensive Preterm Neonates
Istvan Seri, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and the Women's and Children's Hospital at the LAS/USC Medical Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA

Contact for information:
Istvan Seri, M.D., Ph.D.
Children’s Hospital Los Angeles and the Women’s and Children’s Hospital at the LAS/USC Medical Center, University of Southern California
Phone: (323) 669-5932
Email: iseri@chla.usc.edu

Children who are victims of violent behavior or merely observers of violence may learn destructive or self-destructive patterns of behavior. Violence is a major public health problem. This symposium will focus on breaking the cycle of violence and will showcase speakers who are working on violence prevention in the pediatric emergency department, school and community. The speakers will demonstrate what can be done by physicians who see the importance of this issue and the ways in which we can make a difference.

Violence Prevention in Primary Care: Moving from Public Health to Private Practice
Robert D. Sege, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, MA

Beyond Treat and Street: Violence Prevention in the Emergency Department
Joel Fein, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA

Efforts in the Community
Sheryl A. Ryan, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY

Blood vessels perfuse all tissues in the body and play a vital function in mediating the exchange of metabolites between the tissues and the blood. However, recent experimental evidence indicates that endothelial cells play an important signaling role during embryonic development and cell differentiation. Understanding the nature of the interaction between endothelial cells and the surrounding cells and tissues will provide valuable insight into normal developmental mechanisms and may lead to important therapeutic approaches for a variety of diseases. In this symposium, we will discuss endothelial signaling in early organ development with a particular focus on the interactions that occur between airway and vascular cells during lung organogenesis and how these interactions are perturbed in lung injury and repair. In addition, we will discuss the biology of a molecule critical to development, VEGF, and its role during angiogenesis.

Endothelial Signaling During Embryonic Development
Ondine Cleaver, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA

Impaired Vascular and Alveolar Interactions in the Pathogenesis of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Steven H. Abman, The Children's Hospital, Denver, CO

Extracellular Matrix Imbalance and Abnormal Lung Morphogenesis
Mala Chinoy, Penn State University College of Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA

New Insights in the Regulation of Angiogenesis by VEGF and Other Mediators
Napoleone Ferrara, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, CA
 

The National Children’s Study is a national prospective, longitudinal study of environmental effects, including physical, chemical, biological and psychosocial effects, on child health and development. The goal of the study is to improve the health and well-being of children. The study will examine these environmental effects on the health and development of more than 100,000 children across the United States, following them from before birth until age 21. The study is led by a consortium of federal agency partners: the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, including the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). For additional information, visit the website at http://www.nationalchildrensstudy.gov/.

The National Children’s Study—An Overview
Duane Alexander, NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD

The National Children’s Study—Methods
Peter C. Scheidt, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD

Children’s Health and Environmental Exposures: The Most Important Unanswered but Answerable Questions
Michael Weitzman, The AAP Center for Child Health Research at the University of Rochester, Rochester, NY

The application of imaging technologies to solving questions in biology and medicine is revolutionizing medicine by accelerating analyses in situ and in vivo and providing new perspectives on biological processes as diverse as development, neoplasia and injury repair. In this plenary session, three internationally recognized speakers will focus on developmental processes and discuss how these new imaging technologies are providing dynamic insights into the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that underpin hematopoiesis and vascular development.

Introduction
Lisa M. Guay-Woodford, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL

Dynamic Imaging of Fluid Forces in Developing Mouse Vasculature
Mary Dickinson, Beckman Institute–Caltech, Pasadena, CA

Microscopic Imaging of Angiogenesis
Donald M. McDonald, University of California, San Francisco, CA

Watching Hematopoietic Stem Cell Engraftment and Hematopoiesis in Living Animals
Christopher H. Contag, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA

Questions from the audience
 

Genetic studies in humans have expanded our understanding of pediatric sudden death. This session will explore the genetic mechanism, pathophysiology and potential treatments of three genetic causes of sudden death in children.

Introduction
James Bristow, University of California, San Francisco, CA

Fatty Acid Oxidation Disorders and Sudden Death
Arnold W. Strauss, Vanderbilt Children's Hospital, Nashville, TN

Cardiac Channelopathies and Pediatric Sudden Death
Jeffrey A. Towbin, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX

Familial Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy and Sudden Death
Christine Seidman, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
 

Worldwide, more than 1,500 children per day become infected with HIV through mother-to-child transmission. Currently there are 2.7 million children living with HIV infection across the globe, >90% of whom reside in developing countries. While there have been enormous successes in the prevention and treatment of pediatric AIDS in the United States and Europe, it remains an open question as to how effectively these public health gains can be replicated in the poor countries of the world, which bear the greatest burden of disease. Efforts to develop an HIV vaccine appropriate for preventing infection among the world's children and adolescents are finally under way on a global scale. We will discuss these issues and accompanying controversies as they apply to the children of the developing world.

AIDS in Children—A Global Public Health Crisis
David L. Pugatch, Hasbro Children's Hospital and Brown Medical School, Providence, RI

Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV in Developing Countries—Successes, Failures and Challenges
Catherine M. Wilfert, Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Santa Monica, CA and Washington, DC

HIV Treatment for Children—Can the Successes of Rich Countries Be Duplicated in Resource-Poor Settings?
Mark W. Kline, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX

Finding an AIDS Vaccine That Works for the World's Children
Richard A. Koup, Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD

Sequencing of the human genome has led to extraordinary acceleration in the pace of genomics research. The large sequencing capacity developed during sequencing of the human genome is now being applied to other genomes and re-sequencing of humans. This session will explore the remarkable utility of sequence comparison for understanding gene regulation and function as well as new understanding of the basis of common human diseases.

Multiple Genome Sequence Comparisons To Understand Gene Regulation
Eddy Rubin, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA

Human Sequence Variation and Disease Gene Identification
David R. Cox, Perlegen Sciences, Mountain View, CA

Large-Scale Resequencing of Candidate Genes in Congenital Heart Disease
Deepak Srivastava, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX